Andrew Stuart Luster (b. December 15, 1963) is the great-grandson of cosmetics giant Max Factor, Sr. and an heir to the Max Factor cosmetics fortune who was convicted of a series of rapes in 2003. For much of his life, he was supported by a $3.1 million trust fund as he traveled and surfed at various beaches.
In 1996, 1997 and 2000 Luster gave three women GHB, a known date rape drug, and raped them while they were unconscious. Luster was brought to trial in 2002. Soon afterward, police officers found videotapes of Luster raping the women in question, including one tape labeled "Shauna GHBing."
On January 6, 2003, the trial court found the appellant had voluntarily absented himself from the trial and declared him a fugitive. He was later convicted of 86 of 87 counts including multiple counts of rape. He was sentenced in absentia to 124 years in prison. On the same day, the trial court found that the appellant willfully absented himself from both the court and the state on January 4, 2003.
The California Court of Appeal refused the appeal his attorneys filed on his behalf,
During his flight, Luster found his way to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico where he lived under the assumed name David Carrera, surfing and partying. He was captured by bounty hunter Duane "Dog" Chapman, his son Leland Chapman, Tim Chapman, and two TV crewmen in a noisy scuffle on June 18, 2003 and was then taken into custody by Mexican authorities. Chapman was subsequently arrested for deprivation of liberty, a charge that was ultimately dropped in August 2007. The next day, Luster was returned to the U.S., and was imprisoned.
After he vanished, a movie called A Date with Darkness: The Trial and Capture of Andrew Luster was made based on him and his victims. The film was supposed to end with a picture of the real Andrew Luster, asking the audience to notify authorities if they should see him. When Luster was finally captured, the film was still shooting. The ending was re-written to incorporate his capture.
On July 18, 2003 the domain name andrewluster.net was registered by his mother, Elizabeth Luster. The website claimed Luster's conviction was a miscarriage of justice and contained the following text:
"Disclaimer: This web site is created by a group of concerned citizens for judicial fairness. All content (with the exception of family photographs and biography) are supplied by followers of the Andrew Luster case. None of the facts uncovered, conjecture, logic, nor observations, are supplied by anyone in the Luster, nor Factor family. No liability, nor responsibility is to be imposed, nor inferred to these families."

RMS Mauretania (also known as "Maury"), sister ship of the Lusitania, was an ocean liner built by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson at Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, and was launched on September 20, 1906. At the time, she was the largest and fastest ship in the world. Particularly notable was her steam turbine propulsion, which was a revolutionary development in ocean liner design. Mauretania became a favourite among the passengers because of her luxury, speed and safety.
The name Mauretania was originated from a Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of north Africa (named after the Maure tribe, after whom the Moors were named), not related to the modern Mauritania.

World War I
Mauretania returned to civilian service on September 21, 1919. Her busy sailing schedule prevented her from having a massive overhaul scheduled in 1920. However, in 1921, Cunard Line forced her out of the service when the fire broke out in the first class cabin and decided to give her a much needed overhaul. Like the RMS Olympic, her boilers were converted from coal to fuel oil. In 1922 she returned to service and later she broke her own Atlantic record with a speed of 26 knots. In 1928 Mauretania was modernised with new interior design and in the next year her speed record was broken by a German liner SS Bremen with a speed of 28 knots. On August 27, 1929, Mauretania collided with a train ferry near Robbins Reef; fortunately, no one was killed or injured and her damage was quickly repaired. In 1930, with a combination of the Great Depression and newer competition, Mauretania became a dedicated cruise ship to keep her busy. When Cunard Line merged with White Star Line in 1934, Mauretania, along with Olympic, Majestic and other aging ocean liners, had to be retired in order to make room for 81,000 tonnes Queen Mary.
The Mauretania is remembered in a song "Firing the Mauretania", with versions collected separately by Redd Sullivan and Hughie Jones. They both start "In 19 hundred and 24, I… got a job on the Mauretania"; but then go on to say "shovelling coal from morn till night" (not possible in 1924 as she was oil-fired by then); the number of "fires" is said to be either 64 or 34; but perversely the last verse on Hughie's version says "trimmers" not "stokers", so perhaps this is a reference to oil.
Cunard withdrew the Mauretania from service following a final eastward crossing from New York to Southampton in September, 1934. The ship was laid up, her furnishings were sold at auction, and in July, 1935, the Mauretania headed for the breaker's yard at Rosyth.
Some of the furnishings from the RMS Mauretania were installed in a bar/restaurant complex in Bristol called the Mauretania Bar (now Bar III), situated at the bottom of Park Street (the hill leading to the Wills Memorial Building of Bristol University) behind the Council House on College Green. The lounge bar was paneled with mahogany, which came from her 1st class library. The neon sign on the south wall still advertises the "Mauretania," and her bow lettering was used above the entrance. Additionally, the 1st class reading-writing room has become the board room at Pinewood Studios, west of London.

See also

Mauretania, by Humfrey Jordan
Atlantic Liners: A Trio of Trios, by J. Kent Layton

This article is about monetary coins. For other meanings see: Coin (disambiguation)

Coins, Banknotes, Forgery Collecting coins
In terms of its value as a collector's item, a coin is generally made more or less valuable by its condition, specific historial significance, rarity, quality/beauty of the design and general popularity with collectors. If a coin is deeply lacking in any of these, it is unlikely to be worth much. Bullion coins are also valued based on these factors, but are largely valued based on the value of the gold or silver in them.
Most coins nowadays are made of a base metal, and their value comes from their status as fiat money. This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat (law), and thus is determined by the free market only as national currencies are subjected to arbitrage in international trade. This causes such coins to be monetary tokens in the same sense that paper currency is, when the paper currency is not backed directly by metal, but rather by a government guarantee of international exchange of goods or services. Some have suggested that such coins not be considered to be "true coins" (see below). However, because fiat money is backed by government guarantee of a certain amount of goods and services, where the value of this is in turn determined by free market currency arbitrage, similar to the case for the international arbitrage which determines the value of metals which back commodity money, in practice there is very little practical economic difference between the two types of money (types of currencies).
Sometimes, coins are minted that have fiat values lower than the value of their component metals, but this is never done intentionally and initially, and only happens by accident later in the history of coin production, as market values for the metal overtake the fiat declared face value of the coin. Examples of this phenomenon include the US nickel and US penny. As a result of the increase in the value of copper, the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny. Now, United States pennies are made up of zinc coated with copper. Extreme cases of large differences between fiat values and metal values of coins would cause coins to be removed from the market by illicit smelters interested in the value of their metal content. In fact, the United States Mint, in anticipation of this practice, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalize the melting and export of pennies and nickels.[1] Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.
To distinguish between these two types of coins, as well as from other forms of tokens which have been used as money, some monetary scholars have attempted to define by three criteria that an object must meet to be a "true coin". These criteria are:
It is believed by some scholars that the first coins (following the criteria above) were manufactured in Lydia, but apart from one example with the legend "I am the badge of Phales", these pieces have no writing on them, merely symbolic animals. Therefore it is pure guesswork to date the coins, and numismatists' only clue is that some were found buried under a temple from the early 6th Century BCE. Many great classical numismatists have debated whether these coins may have been struck (manufactured) under the authority of private individuals, although, as the coins get more common, it is certainly thought that some were made under King Croseus.
The first European coin to use Arabic numerals to date the year minted was the Swiss 1424 St. Gallen silver Plappart.

It must be made of a valuable material, and trade for close to the market value of that material.
It must be of a standardized weight and purity.
It must be marked to identify the authority that guarantees the content. The value of a coin
The question of the world's first coin has been, and still is debated. While it is believed by many that the Lydian Lion trite is the world's oldest coin, some argue that India's karshapanam is the world's first coin.

First coins

Main article: Debasement Coin debasement
The milled, or reeded, edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. Prior to the use of milled edges, circulating coins commonly suffered from "shaving", by which unscrupulous persons would shave a small amount of precious metal from the edge. Unmilled British sterling silver coins were known to be shaved to almost half of their minted weight. This form of debasement in Tudor England led to the formulation of Gresham's Law. The monarch would have to periodically recall circulating coins, paying only bullion value of the silver, and re-mint them.
Traditionally, the side of a coin carrying a bust of a monarch or other authority, or a national emblem, is called the obverse, or colloquially, heads. The other side is called the reverse, or colloquially, tails. However, the rule is violated in some cases. [2] Another rule is that the side carrying the year of minting is the obverse, although some Chinese coins, most Canadian coins, the British 20p coin, and all Japanese coins, are an exception.
The orientation of the obverse with respect to the reverse differs between countries. Some coins have coin orientation, where the coin must be flipped vertically to see the other side; other coins, such as British coins, have medallic orientation, where the coin must be flipped horizontally to see the other side.
The exergue is the space on a coin beneath the main design, often used to show the coin's date, although it is sometimes left blank or containing a mintmark, privy mark, or some other decorative or informative design feature. Many coins do not have an exergue at all, and they are most common on coins with little or no legends such as the Victorian bun penny.
Coins that are not round (British 50 pence for example) usually have an odd number of sides, with the edges rounded off. This is so that the coin has a constant diameter, and will therefore be recognised by vending machines whichever way it is inserted. If a coin had an even number of sides this would not be possible. Some such older designs remain, however, such as the 12-sided Australian 50 cent coin.
Coins are popularly used as a sort of two-sided die; in order to choose between two options with a random possibility, one choice will be labeled "heads" and the other "tails," and a coin will be flipped or "tossed" to see whether the heads or tails side comes up on top. See Bernoulli trial; a fair coin is defined to have the probability of heads (in the parlance of Bernoulli trials, a "success") of exactly 0.5. A widely publicized example of an asymmetrical coin is the Belgian one euro coin [3]. See also coin flipping.
Coins are sometimes falsified to make one side weigh more. Such a coin is said to be "weighted."
Some coins, called bracteates, are so thin they can only be struck on one side.
Bi-metallic coins are sometimes used for higher values and for commemorative purposes. In the 1990s, France used a tri-metallic coin. Common circulating examples include the €1, €2, British £2 and Canadian $2.
Guitar-shaped coins were once issued in Somalia, Poland once issued a fan-shaped 10 złoty coin, but perhaps the oddest coin ever was the 2002 $10 coin from Nauru, a Europe-shaped coin.[4]
The Royal Canadian Mint is now able to produce holographic-effect gold and silver coinage.
For a list of many pure metallic elements and their alloys which have used in actual circulation coins and for trial experiments, see coinage metals. [5]

Blade servers are self-contained computer servers, designed for high density. Whereas a standard rack-mount server can exist with (at least) a power cord and network cable, blade servers have many components removed for space, power and other considerations while still having all the functional components to be considered a computer. A blade enclosure provides services such as power, cooling, networking, various interconnects and management—though different blade providers have differing principles around what should and should not be included in the blade itself (and sometimes in the enclosure altogether). Together these form the blade system.
In a standard server-rack configuration, 1U (one rack unit, 19" wide and 1.75" tall) is the minimum possible size of any equipment. The principal benefit of, and the reason behind the push towards, blade computing is that components are no longer restricted to these minimum size requirements. The most common computer rack form-factor being 42U high, this limits the number of discrete computer devices directly mounted in a rack to 42 components. Blades do not have this limitation; densities of 100 computers per rack and more are achievable with the current generation of blade systems.

Server blade
The enclosure (or chassis) performs many of the non-core computing services found in most computers. Non-blade computers require components that are bulky, hot and space-inefficient, and duplicated across many computers that may or may not be performing at capacity. By locating these services in one place and sharing them between the blade computers, the overall utilization is more efficient. The specifics of which services are provided and how vary by vendor.

Power
During operation, electrical and mechanical components produce heat, which must be displaced to ensure the proper functioning of the components. In blade enclosures, as in most computing systems, heat is removed with fans.
A frequently underestimated problem when designing high-performance computer systems is the conflict between the amount of heat a system generates and the ability of its fans to remove the heat. The blade's shared power and cooling means that it does not generate as much heat as traditional servers. Newer blade enclosure designs feature high speed, adjustable fans and control logic that tune the cooling to the systems requirements.
At the same time, the increased density of blade server configurations can still result in higher overall demands for cooling when a rack is populated at over 50%. This is especially true with early generation blades. In absolute terms, a fully populated rack of blade servers is likely to require more cooling capacity than a fully populated rack of standard 1U servers.

Cooling
Computers are increasingly being produced with high-speed, integrated network interfaces, and most are expandable to allow for the addition of connections that are faster, more resilient and run over different media (copper and fiber). These may require extra engineering effort in the design and manufacture of the blade, consume space in both the installation and capacity for installation (empty expansion slots) and hence more complexity. High-speed network topologies require expensive, high-speed integrated circuits and media, while most computers do not utilise all the bandwidth available.
The blade enclosure provides one or more network buses to which the blade will connect, and either presents these ports individually in a single location (versus one in each computer chassis), or aggregates them into fewer ports, reducing the cost of connecting the individual devices. These may be presented in the chassis itself, or in networking blades.

Networking
While computers typically need hard-disks to store the operating system, application and data for the computer, these are not necessarily required locally. Many storage connection methods (e.g. FireWire, SATA, SCSI, DAS, Fibre Channel and iSCSI) are readily moved outside the server, though not all are used in enterprise-level installations. Implementing these connection interfaces within the computer presents similar challenges to the networking interfaces (indeed iSCSI runs over the network interface), and similarly these can be removed from the blade and presented individually or aggregated either on the chassis or through other blades.
The ability to boot the blade from a storage area network (SAN) allows for an entirely disk-free blade. This may have higher processor density or better reliability than systems having individual disks on each blade.

Storage
Since the blade enclosure provides a standard method for delivering basic services to computer devices, these can be leveraged by other types of devices. Blades providing switching, routing, storage, SAN and fibre-channel access can be inserted into the enclosure to provide these services to all members of the enclosure.
Storage blades can also be used where additional local storage is desired.

Other blades
Blade servers are ideal for specific purposes such as web hosting and cluster computing. Individual blades are typically hot-swappable. As more processing power, memory and I/O bandwidth are added to blade servers, they are being used for larger and more diverse workloads.
Although blade server technology in theory allows for open, cross-vendor solutions, at this stage of development of the technology, users find there are fewer problems when using blades, racks and blade management tools from the same vendor.
Eventual standardization of the technology might result in more choices for consumers; increasing numbers of third-party software vendors are now entering this growing field.
Blade servers are not, however, the answer to every computing problem. They may best be viewed as a form of productized server farm that borrows from mainframe packaging, cooling, and power supply technology. For large problems, server farms of blade servers are still necessary, and because of blade servers' high power density, can suffer even more acutely from the HVAC problems that affect large conventional server farms.

History

Server (computing)
Comparing Servers

State University of New York at Cobleskill
SUNY Cobleskill, also known as the State University of New York College of Agriculture and Technology at Cobleskill, is a comprehensive college offering degrees in agriculture and technology; business and computer technology; culinary arts, hospitality and tourism; early childhood; and liberal arts and sciences. The school began as the Schoharie State School of Agriculture in 1916. The college is located in Schoharie County, New York and offers 41 associate's degree programs and 15 bachelor's degree programs. SUNY Cobleskill is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, and the NYS Education Department registers all academic programs. The college is approved for awarding of the following degrees: Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Science (BS), Bachelor of Technology (BT), Associate in Arts (AA), Associate in Science (AS), Associate in Applied Science (AAS), and Associate in Occupational Studies (AOS). The college has ten residence halls for full time students. All student rooms are wired for cable television and Internet access, as well as voice mail. The college athletic program is a member of the National Junior College Athletic Association. Within the next couple of years the college will be changing to an official four year institution, and will join the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA. In SUNY Cobleskills Strategic Plan 2004-2011 they hope to become the premier Agricultural Institution in the northeast

Campus Facilities
SUNY Cobleskill has 10 residence halls

Weiting Hall SUNY Cobleskills only all female residence hall
Vroman Hall
Draper Hall SUNY Cobleskills only all male residence hall
Dix Hall
Pearson Hall
Fake Hall
Ten Eyck Hall
Porter Hall is the international dorm at SUNY Cobleskill
Parsons Hall
Davis Hall is the Bachelor residence hall requiring residents to have at least 60 credits and be in a BT program. Residence Halls

Wheeler The Liberal Arts and Sciences building
Warner The Business and Computer technologies building.
Alumni Hall
Frisbie Hall
Old Gym
Home Economics
Hodder Hall The Plant Science building
Curtis Mott The Ag Engineering Building
The Greenhouses
Turfgrass
The Animal Science Lab
The Fish Hatchery
The Meat Processing Lab
The Dairy Barn
The Equestrian Center
The Nursery
The Livestock Building
The Horse Barn
Champlin Hall
Prentice Hall
Holmes Hall The Early Childhood Building
The Childcare Center
Van Wagenen Library Dining Facilities

The Ioro Gymnasium
The Fieldhouse
Baseball Field
Softball Field
Soccer Field
Running Track
Tennis Courts
Bouck Pool which is an olympic sized swimming pool.
State of the art Fitness Center Athletic Facilities

Bouck Hall The Student Activities Building which is home to the Ioro Gymnasium, The Fitness Center, The Bouck Auditorium, The Campus Bowling Alley, The Bouck Swimming Pool, The College Store, The Mail Room, The Student Life Center, Sandellas Cafe, The Commuter Lounge, and The Bouck Ballroom.
Knapp Hall The Administration Building which is home to the Career Development Center, Residential Life, Student Accounts, Admissions, Financial Aid, The Registrars office, and telecommunications.
The Wellness Center which offers both medical support, and counseling.
Johnson Hall which is home to University Police. Student Body

The word "soldier" specifically refers to members of the army who are without officer's commission. In most armies of the world, soldiers who are not officers can work their way through the ranks to obtain a commission.
A soldier who no longer serves in the armed forces is often called a veteran, a term which can also apply to a long-serving or experienced soldier who is still in the army. In the United States soldiers are identified as those serving or once served in the United States Army.

Etymology
The word soldier is derived from an Old French word, itself a derivation of Solidarius, Latin for someone who served in the armed forces for pay, as opposed to warriors in tribal society where every grown man is automatically a member of his clan's fighting force. Solidare in Latin means "to pay"; Roman soldiers were paid in solidi, so-called because they were a new type of solid gold coin brought in after a reform of the Roman money system. The common origin for the words soldier and payment survives not only in French (soldat and solde) but also in other languages, like German (Soldat and Sold), Spanish (soldado and sueldo), Portuguese (soldado and soldo), Dutch (soldaat and soldij), Italian ("soldato" and "soldo") and many other languages.

Upper Fremont Glacier is located in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness of Shoshone National Forest in the U.S. state of Wyoming.